儿童COVID-19的临床特征：一项关于SARS、MERS及COVID-19的系统评价

Clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 in children: a systemic review of severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and coronavirus disease 2019

摘要:

目的 系统总结新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）儿童病例的临床特征。方法 计算机检索PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、The Cochrane Library、中国知网、重庆维普和万方数据库，搜集关于儿童COVID-19的临床研究，检索时限均为建库至2020年5月21日。由2名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后，对纳入研究进行描述性分析。并与严重呼吸窘迫综合征（SARS）、中东呼吸综合征（MERS）儿童病例相关指标进行比较。结果 共纳入75个研究，包括COVID-19儿童病例806例。研究结果显示：患儿年龄在生后36?h到18岁不等，男女比例为1.21?：?1。与SARS、MERS病例类似，COVID-19病例最常见感染方式为家庭聚集感染，占74.6%（601/806）。COVID-19、SARS及MERS病例临床症状相似，以发热、咳嗽为主。部分患儿出现消化道症状。上述三者无症状感染儿童比例分别为17.9%（144/806）、2.5%（2/81）及57.1%（12/21）。COVID-19、MERS病例胸部影像学病变以双侧为主，病变阳性率分别为63.4%（421/664）及26.3%（5/19），均低于其病毒核酸检测阳性率（分别为99.8%及100%）。而SARS病例胸部影像学以单侧病变为主，其影像学阳性率为88.9%（72/81），高于病毒核酸检测阳性率（29.2%）。COVID-19及SARS患儿粪便中均检测到病毒核酸，检测阳性率分别为60.2%（56/93）、71.4%（5/7）。COVID-19患儿重症率及病死率分别为4.5%（31/686）、0.1%（1/806）；SARS儿童重症率及病死率分别为1.5%（1/68）、0%；MERS儿童重症率及病死率分别为14.3%（3/21）、9.5%（2/21）。结论 儿童COVID-19临床症状与儿童SARS、MERS相似，以发热、咳嗽为主，均存在无症状感染者，但COVID-19和SARS儿童的病情较MERS轻。家庭聚集感染为COVID-19儿童重要的感染方式。流行病学接触史、影像学检查及病毒核酸检测结果是诊断COVID-19的重要依据。

Abstract:

Objective To systematically summarize the clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, Weipu Database, and Wanfang Database were searched for clinical studies on COVID-19 in children published up to May 21, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened the articles, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the studies included. A descriptive analysis was then performed for the studies. Related indices between children with COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) were compared. Results A total of 75 studies were included, with a total of 806 children with COVID-19. The research results showed that the age of the children ranged from 36 hours after birth to 18 years, with a male-female ratio of 1.21?:?1. Similar to SARS and MERS, COVID-19 often occurred with familial aggregation, and such cases accounted for 74.6% (601/806). The children with COVID-19, SARS, and MERS had similar clinical symptoms, mainly fever and cough. Some children had gastrointestinal symptoms. The children with asymptomatic infection accounted for 17.9% (144/806) of COVID-19 cases, 2.5% (2/81) of SARS cases, and 57.1% (12/21) of MERS cases. The children with COVID-19 and MERS mainly had bilateral lesions on chest imaging examination, with a positive rate of lesions of 63.4% (421/664) and 26.3% (5/19) respectively, which were lower than the corresponding positive rates of viral nucleic acid detection, which were 99.8% and 100% respectively. The chest radiological examination of the children with SARS mainly showed unilateral lesion, with a positive rate of imaging of 88.9% (72/81), which was higher than the corresponding positive rate of viral nucleic acid detection (29.2%). Viral nucleic acid was detected in the feces of children with COVID-19 or SARS, with positive rates of 60.2% (56/93) and 71.4% (5/7) respectively. The children with COVID-19 had a rate of severe disease of 4.6% (31/686) and a mortality rate of 0.1% (1/806), the children with SARS had a rate of severe disease of 1.5% (1/68) and a mortality rate of 0%, and those with MERS had a rate of severe disease of 14.3% (3/21) and a mortality rate of 9.5% (2/21). Conclusions Children with COVID-19 have similar symptoms to those with SARS or MERS, mainly fever and cough. Asymptomatic infection is observed in all three diseases. Children with COVID-19 or SARS have milder disease conditions than those with MERS. COVID-19 in children often occurs with familial aggregation. Epidemiological contact history, imaging examination findings, and viral nucleic acid testing results are important bases for the diagnosis of COVID-19.